# Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas in the 1960s

> A state-capital river city was growing westward while school, church, courthouse, and lunch counter fought over segregation.

- Place: Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas (34.746, -92.290)
- Years: 1960 to 1969
- Page: https://yorehistory.com/place/little-rock-pulaski-county-arkansas/1960s
- Step into it (interactive): https://yorehistory.com/?step=Little%20Rock%2C%20Pulaski%20County%2C%20Arkansas%2C%20United%20States%20of%20America&at=34.7465,-92.2896&year=1965

## Looking around

You stand in a city of 107,813 people in 1960[1], with the Arkansas River and North Little Rock across it[2] and the State Capitol at the head of Capitol Avenue[2]. Downtown still has retail streets, but parking lots and high-rise office buildings are replacing older commercial blocks[3]. To the west and northwest, subdivisions pull money and commuters away from the core; by decade’s end 15,430 housing units have been built or annexed into the city[3]. The city is divided in daily use: east Little Rock is predominantly African American, southwest Little Rock blue-collar white, and northwest Little Rock upper-middle-class white[3]. At 4th and Main, the Woolworth’s lunch counter[4] carries the recent memory of student arrests. At Central High, the building is ordinary and famous at once, after the 1957 crisis and the 1958–59 closing of the city’s public high schools[5].

## Work: Government and office city

Because Little Rock was the capital, state government, courts, lobbying, and protests were part of daily downtown work. By the late 1960s, older commercial blocks were giving way to parking lots and high-rise office buildings[3], and thousands of commuters left downtown for suburbs each evening.

## Who lived here: A divided city map

The city grew from 107,813 people in 1960 to 132,483 in 1970[1]. Its social map was stark: east Little Rock predominantly African American, southwest blue-collar white, northwest upper-middle-class white[3].

## Home & table: Suburbs pull west

The 1960s added or annexed 15,430 housing units[3] in Little Rock. The same growth sharpened separation, as urban renewal demolished African-American neighborhoods and downtown commercial buildings[3].

## Money: Unequal family incomes

A 1960 census-derived study put Little Rock’s median family income at $5,234 for all families, $6,007 for white families, and $2,774 for non-white families[9]. That gap shaped housing choice, schooling, and who could leave the central city.

## Faith: Churches split in public

Religion was not outside politics: some churches hosted NAACP and Arkansas Christian Movement meetings[5]. White clergy also divided, with one segregationist prayer gathering drawing 600 laity while a broader Day of Prayer drew 6,000 to 10,000 people[5].

## Law & power: Courts, police, school boards

Power was visible in classrooms and courtrooms: five sit-in students received $250 fines and thirty-day jail sentences[4] in Municipal Court. Public school power had already shut down education for a year, when Little Rock’s public high schools closed in 1958–1959[5].

## In the air: Desegregation argued everywhere

The central argument was whether public life would remain segregated. Philander Smith students challenged Woolworth’s lunch counter in 1960[4], and by 1963 downtown lunch counters and hotels began serving Black customers equally[6].

## Roads & news: Two daily paper world

Local news moved through the Arkansas Gazette and the Arkansas Democrat[7], with the Gazette building standing on Louisiana Street downtown in 1960[8]. National news also landed hard here after Central High became an international symbol of resistance to desegregation[3].

## Year by year

- **1957** (here): Nine African-American students tried to enter Central High, and the crisis made Little Rock a national and international symbol of school desegregation conflict.[3]
- **1958** (here): Little Rock’s public high schools were closed for the 1958–1959 school year rather than continue full desegregation.[5]
- **1960** (here): Philander Smith College students staged Arkansas’s first sit-in at the Woolworth’s lunch counter at 4th and Main.[4]
- **1961** (the country): John F. Kennedy became president, and civil rights, Cold War politics, and federal power were daily newspaper subjects in Little Rock.
- **1963** (here): Downtown Little Rock lunch counters, hotels, theaters, restaurants, parks, Robinson Auditorium, and the Arkansas Arts Center desegregated during the year.[6]
- **1964** (the country): The Civil Rights Act became federal law, giving national force to fights already lived in Little Rock’s schools, churches, and businesses.
- **1965** (the country): The Voting Rights Act became federal law, and Black political participation became a major Southern and national issue.
- **1968** (nearby): Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, within a day’s hard travel of Little Rock, and the news would have reached the city immediately.

## What the sources say

- Little Rock had 107,813 residents in the 1960 census and 132,483 in the 1970 census. (from the sources)[1]
- Little Rock stood on the south side of the Arkansas River, with North Little Rock across the river, linked since 1897 by the Free Bridge and by later crossings. (from the sources)[2]
- The Arkansas State Capitol, begun in 1899 and completed in 1914, stood at the head of Capitol Avenue throughout the 1960s. (from the sources)[2]
- During the 1960s, urban renewal in Little Rock demolished historically African-American neighborhoods and many downtown commercial structures, replacing them with parking lots and high-rise buildings. (from the sources)[3]
- Between 1960 and 1969, 15,430 housing units were either built in Little Rock or annexed into the city by 1970. (from the sources)[3]
- A city planning history describes 1960s Little Rock as divided into three dominant regions: predominantly African-American east Little Rock, blue-collar white southwest Little Rock, and upper-middle-class white northwest Little Rock. (from the sources)[3]
- On March 10, 1960, about fifty Philander Smith College students marched to the F. W. Woolworth’s at 4th and Main and asked for service at its segregated lunch counter. (from the sources)[4]
- Little Rock’s public high schools were closed for the 1958–1959 school year after Governor Orval Faubus acted to prevent further desegregation, and they reopened with token desegregation. (from the sources)[5]
- Central High School had become a national and international symbol of resistance to desegregation after nine African-American students tried to enter on September 4, 1957 and later attended under federal protection. (from the sources)[3]
- On March 17, 1960, five Woolworth’s sit-in students were convicted in Little Rock Municipal Court and each received a $250 fine and a thirty-day jail sentence, later doubled on appeal. (from the sources)[4]
- On January 1, 1963, downtown Little Rock lunch counters began serving Black customers equally, and downtown hotels also desegregated their facilities. (from the sources)[6]
- In 1963, Little Rock movie theaters, city restaurants, Robinson Auditorium, the Arkansas Arts Center, and city parks desegregated. (from the sources)[6]
- The city’s main newspaper world included the Arkansas Gazette and the Arkansas Democrat; archives exist for the Gazette through 1991 and the Democrat through 1992. (from the sources)[7]
- The Arkansas Gazette building stood on Louisiana Street in downtown Little Rock in 1960. (from the sources)[8]
- A 1960 census-derived study reported median family income in Little Rock at $5,234 for all families, $6,007 for white families, and $2,774 for non-white families. (from the sources)[9]
- The same study counted 28,007 families in Little Rock, including 22,481 white families and 5,526 non-white families. (from the sources)[9]
- Some Little Rock churches hosted NAACP and Arkansas Christian Movement meetings, while white religious leaders split sharply over desegregation. (from the sources)[5]
- In 1957, an interdenominational group of Little Rock ministers, bishops, a rabbi, and Congressman Brooks Hays called for a citywide Day of Prayer focused on law and order. (from the sources)[5]
- A segregationist prayer gathering led by Baptist ministers drew thirty-eight clergy and six hundred laity at Central Baptist Church, while the broader Day of Prayer drew 6,000 to 10,000 people in eighty-five churches and synagogues. (from the sources)[5]
- Jim Crow segregation on Little Rock streetcars had been decreed in 1903 and, according to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas, segregation lasted into the 1960s. (from the sources)[2]
- Little Rock was the state capital, so state government, courts, lobbying, and protests were part of the city’s ordinary downtown life. (inferred)
- As across urban Arkansas in the 1960s, most households followed national news by radio, television, and daily newspapers, with the Vietnam War, civil rights, and presidential elections entering local talk. (inferred)
- No open online source found in this quick search gives a street-by-street list of Little Rock grocery prices for the 1960s. (not known)
- No open online source found in this quick search gives a complete 1960s occupational breakdown for Little Rock residents by race and neighborhood. (not known)

## Sources

1. Population of Central Arkansas Counties and Cities 1900–2010. Metroplan, 2021. https://metroplan.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MSA-PopulationCities1900-2010.pdf
2. Little Rock (Pulaski County). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/little-rock-970/
3. Little Rock Post-World War II Residential Development Context. City of Little Rock. https://www.littlerock.gov/media/3715/post-ww2-residental-context-sections-i-ii.pdf
4. Sit-ins. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/Sit-ins-6921/
5. The Arkansas Religious Community’s Response to Desegregation. UA Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture, 2017. https://ualrexhibits.org/legacy/the-arkansas-religious-communitys-response-to-desegregation/
6. Little Rock Desegregation: Downtown. UA Little Rock Public Radio, 2016. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2016-02-09/little-rock-desegregation-downtown
7. Arkansas Papers - Newspapers. University of Arkansas Libraries. https://libguides.uark.edu/newspapers/arkansas
8. Arkansas Gazette Building, 1960. Encyclopedia of Arkansas, 1960. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/media/arkansas-gazette-building-1960-7092/
9. 1960 Median Family Income, Little Rock. ERIC / U.S. Census-derived report, 1960. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012959.pdf

## The same place in other decades

- [Little Rock in the 1930s](https://yorehistory.com/place/little-rock-pulaski-county-arkansas/1930s/md)
- [Little Rock in the 1980s](https://yorehistory.com/place/little-rock-pulaski-arkansas/1980s/md)

## Nearby, about the same time

- [Kingsland, Cleveland County, Arkansas in the 1950s](https://yorehistory.com/place/kingsland-cleveland-county-arkansas/1950s/md) (99 km)
- [Fordyce, Arkansas in the 1980s](https://yorehistory.com/place/fordyce-arkansas/1980s/md) (104 km)
- [Rye, Cleveland, Arkansas in the 1930s](https://yorehistory.com/place/rye-cleveland-arkansas/1930s/md) (114 km)

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Researched by Yore's AI historian (gpt-5.5) on 2026-10-24 from the sources listed. It is about the place and the time, not about any person. Statements marked "inferred" are conclusions, not records. Cite as: Yore, "Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas in the 1960s", https://yorehistory.com/place/little-rock-pulaski-county-arkansas/1960s