Litchfield, New Hampshire in the 1850s

Work

Farms and river trade

Litchfield’s older prosperity had rested on two stores and about twenty canal boats¹, with timber, lumber, bricks, and farm products^1,4 moving south. By the 1850s, the railroad west of the river had badly hurt that trade^1,4.

Faith

Church at the center

The visible religious landmark is the Community Church built in 1844⁴, standing beside the civic building. Its setting replaced an older meetinghouse, because the river’s shifted course forced that building to be dismantled^1,4.

Law & power

Town meeting rule

Local power ran through town meeting, selectmen, taxes, roads, schools, and poor relief. But political voice was narrow: women did not vote in town or state elections.

In the air

Slavery in the news

Arguments over slavery would not have been remote; the Fugitive Slave Act, Kansas-Nebraska, and John Brown’s raid were carried by newspapers, pulpits, travelers, and talk from nearby cities.

Home & table

Plain roadside houses

Most older houses along the road were clapboard Cape Cods or larger five-bay, two-and-a-half-story houses⁴. The settlement itself was stretched out, because Litchfield developed mainly along the Merrimack River road^1,4.

Money

A town losing trade

The decade begins after an economic blow: the 1842 Concord Railroad passed on the west side of the Merrimack^1,4. The effect is visible in buildings, since new construction dropped sharply after the 1840s^1,4.

Who lived here

Small and shrinking

The whole town held only 447 people in 1850². It was shrinking: 481 people in 1840, 447 in 1850, and 352 in 1860³.

Roads & news

Ferries and post road

News and strangers arrived by road and river: Thornton’s Ferry stood on the Amherst-to-Portsmouth post road³, and Read’s Ferry lay three miles above³. Larger currents came through Manchester’s 13,932 people² and Nashua’s 5,820 people².

Year by year

1. 1850The federal census counted 447 people in Litchfield. here²
2. 1850The Fugitive Slave Act made escape from slavery and the duty to aid capture a national political crisis discussed throughout northern communities. the country
3. 1851The town hall was built from pieces of the older meetinghouse. here⁴
4. 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin appeared in book form and widened antislavery argument in New England parlors, churches, and newspapers. the country
5. 1854The Kansas-Nebraska Act reopened the slavery question in the western territories and helped break old party loyalties. the country
6. 1857The Panic of 1857 shook credit, trade, and manufacturing across the country, including New England’s market towns and mill cities. the country
7. 1859John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry turned slavery, violence, and treason into urgent public subjects. the country
8. 1860The census showed Litchfield had fallen to 352 people. here³

What the sources say

• The federal census counted 447 people in Litchfield in 1850, all recorded as white in the town table. from the sources²
• Litchfield’s population fell from 481 in 1840 to 447 in 1850 and to 352 in 1860. from the sources³
• The historic house stock along the old road included mostly clapboard buildings, humble Cape Cod houses, larger two-and-a-half-story five-bay houses, and a few brick houses. from the sources⁴
• Unlike many New England towns with a compact center, Litchfield developed mainly as a linear settlement along the Merrimack River road, now the Route 3A corridor. from the sources^1,4
• The town hall was built in 1851 from parts of an older meetinghouse. from the sources⁴
• The Community Church beside the later town hall was built in 1844. from the sources⁴
• Thornton’s Ferry operated near the town center and gave passage across the Merrimack River. from the sources⁴
• A shift in the Merrimack River in the early nineteenth century forced the dismantling of the older meetinghouse near the river. from the sources^1,4
• By the early nineteenth century Litchfield had two general merchandise stores and about twenty canal boats carrying local production toward Lowell and Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal. from the sources¹
• Litchfield’s earlier river trade sent timber, lumber, bricks, and agricultural products southward. from the sources^1,4
• Hayward’s 1839 gazetteer placed Thornton’s Ferry near the meetinghouse on the post road from Amherst to Portsmouth. from the sources³
• Hayward’s 1839 gazetteer described Read’s Ferry as three miles above Thornton’s Ferry. from the sources³
• Local historic-planning sources identify farmland, forests, wetland, and the river valley as characteristic Litchfield landscapes. from the sources⁴
• The completion of the Concord Railroad on the west side of the Merrimack in 1842 badly hurt Litchfield’s canal-based trade because the railroad passed the town by. from the sources^1,4
• After the 1840s, building construction in Litchfield dropped sharply, and few buildings in town date from the later nineteenth century. from the sources^1,4
• Manchester, eight to ten miles north by modern road, was already a large mill city; the 1850 census counted 13,932 people there. from the sources²
• Nashua, south of Litchfield, was another growing industrial neighbor; the 1850 census counted 5,820 people in Nashua and 3,108 in adjacent Nashville. from the sources²
• New Hampshire town government in the 1850s was centered on town meeting, selectmen, taxes, roads, schools, and poor relief. inferred
• Before the Fifteenth Amendment, voting in New Hampshire was limited by sex and citizenship; women did not vote in town or state elections. inferred
• The Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, Kansas-Nebraska, and John Brown’s raid would have reached Litchfield through newspapers, political meetings, clergy, travelers, and talk with Manchester and Nashua. inferred
• No digitized local price list for Litchfield groceries, ferry tolls, or farm wages in the 1850s was found in this search. not known
• No online source found here gives a full 1850s count of Litchfield school districts, teachers, or pupils. not known
• No online description found here records the interiors of ordinary Litchfield houses in the 1850s. not known

Sources

1. Litchfield Historic Resources Survey. Town of Litchfield, New Hampshire
2. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 — New Hampshire. United States Census Office, 1850
3. Litchfield, New Hampshire, from Hayward’s New England Gazetteer. NewEnglandTowns.org, 1839
4. Town of Litchfield Master Plan 2002, Chapter VII: Historic Resources. Town of Litchfield, New Hampshire, 2002

Nearby, about the same time